net user username /domain

To get just the top level groups:

Get-ADPrincipalGroupMembership -Identity $env:username | Select name, GroupCategory, GroupScope, distinguishedName
Get-ADPrincipalGroupMembership -Identity 'username' | Select name, GroupCategory, GroupScope, distinguishedName

To get all groups:

whoami /groups
whoami /groups | out-file group.txt

This generates a whole heap of crap - the security groups are at the end. This also seems to recurse down the groups or something - it lists more groups than the other options.

gpresult /R

May need to install a module:

Install-WindowsFeature RSAT-AD-PowerShell

Also, try this:

get-aduser $env:username -Properties memberof | select -expand memberof
get-aduser 'username' -Properties memberof | select -expand memberof

Or, a module-free version:

(New-Object System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher("(&(objectCategory=User)(samAccountName=$($env:username)))")).FindOne().GetDirectoryEntry().memberOf

net localgroup administrators

Get-ADGroupMember "X3 NZ Provoke Developers" -Recursive